To Pledge or Not to Pledge---Is That the Question Essay

Take a moment to recall some of the patriotic symbols that help embody the spirit of our nation: the bald eagle, the Statue of Liberty, or even the national anthem. Among others promoting the civic duties and democratic virtues prized by our American society, nothing has caused as much controversy as the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools. At the start of a new school day, every classroom of a government run school would be ringing with the chorus of America’s youth delivering the pledge in an almost autonomous way. The reason why this is such a big deal is due to the fact that to some, including myself, believe the words â€Å"under God† suggests a breach of the first amendment. As of late, our country has been in the†¦show more content†¦Ironically, the Pledge of Allegiance originated from the hand of a social minister and chairman of the National Education Association, Francis Bellamy. Bellamy’s goal with the initial 23 word pled ge was to impress it upon receptive, youthful minds, and convey the compassion and the patriotic duty deserving of the Republic. As a result, â€Å"more than 12 million public school children in every state in the Union† spoke the Pledge of Allegiance that day (Moss 2006). Since then, it has been a catalyst for tradition turned into mandatory law. Over the course of 62 years, Bellamy’s pledge has been revised three times, and the more specific it seemed to get, the momentum of controversy grew. The first set of phrases to be exchanged was from â€Å"my flag,† to â€Å"the flag of the United States† in June 1923 (Moss 2006). The reason was due to the massive influx of immigrants and their interpretation of the Pledge; the committee of the First National Flag Conference wanted to clarify to people who migrated to the States that it was specifically the United States flag and not their indigenous flag they were saluting to. The following year, â€Å"of America† was attached to the tail end of â€Å"United States;† forty years later, as courtesy of then President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Pledge of Allegiance was modified to accommodate the phrase â€Å"under God† in between â€Å"one Nation,† and â€Å"indivisible† in June of 1954. PresidentShow MoreRelatedThe Pledge Of Alle giance From A Very Young Age1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pledge of Allegiance was taught to me at a very young age. Most children in the United States learn the Pledge in Kindergarten. As a child I never questioned the phrase â€Å"Under God†. Perhaps I did not question it because I was raised as a believer of God. Fortunately, with age, I have become more of a critical thinker. I have become more cultured and knowledgeable to the people who differ from me. Not every American citizen is a believer of God; there are various religions with different or multipleRead MoreThe Reflection Of Francis Bellamys Pledge Of Allegiance1092 Words   |  5 PagesIn the early year of 1893, Francis Bellamy beautifully crafted a pledge that will be twisted over years of alteration, creating a constrained symbol of national bond submersed in religious controversy. The original text of Francis Bellamy’s Pledge of Allegiance was recited with a salute as, â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my flag and the Republic for which it stands-one nation, indivisible-with liberty and justice for all.† Reading this text, one may notice a lack of a well known excerpt; â€Å"under God.† PeopleRead MoreI Am My Research Hypothesis1690 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough my one on one interviews and core questions. I used my core questions and people skills to conduct the interviews properly. When speaking with each woman I interviewed, I explained to them that I was asking them questions for a research project. After this, I read the core questions directly from my iPhone that I wanted to ask the women. I made sure that I spoke clearly and annunciated each word I spoke so that I would not have to repeat the questions. After interviewing each woman, I went homeRead MoreWhy God Should be Taken Out of the Pledge of Allegiance Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesnation, but do they have to show loyalty to â€Å"God†? When saying the pledge, one must elicit the words â€Å"one na tion under God.† This not only contradicts freedom of religion, but it draws attention away from the purpose of pledging loyalty to America. It’s the Supreme Court’s responsibility to make sure there is an equal chance for fairness. Only the Supreme Court can override the decision to not remove â€Å"under God† from the pledge. The Supreme Court also controls the opportunity for this case to evenRead MoreGraduation Speech : The Pledge Of Allegiance1715 Words   |  7 PagesChildren have been reciting The Pledge of Allegiance for over sixty years. It was common practice to recite The Pledge of Allegiance every morning in the classroom while standing and raising your right hand to your heart. Now, Americans are questioning the reasoning and purpose behind reciting The Pledge, especially since students are being asked to mention God each time they recite it. This paper will focus on school-aged children. Because of the lack of patriotism in Atheists and the infringementRead MoreEthics And The Code Of Ethics1455 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Practices There are many questions about people’s ethics and how they practice it by deciphering between what is right and what is wrong. How we think and behave towards others and how others think and behave towards us is how people live their lives. Doing what is right and personal integrity is two different features of ethics. In a business world, the Code of ethics is â€Å"a company’s written standards of ethical behavior that are designed to guide managers and employees in making theRead More Terrorism, Patriotism and the Farce of the Pledge of Allegiance1179 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Farce of the Pledge of Allegiance nbsp; It is unfortunate that the terrorists did not attack and destroy the Pledge of Allegiance instead of the World Trade Center.nbsp; But politicians and zealots have perverted patriotism to include a blind veneration of the United States based on an oversimplified conception that disregards current laws and social customs, a perversion evident in the idolatry performed regularly by most American citizens during the Pledge of Allegiance. nbsp;Read MoreAn Effective Type Of Birth Control1465 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to a study done by CNN, as many as one in eight teens within the United States have taken the virginity pledge (Tamkins, 2008). This means that they took the opportunity and are making a written or verbal commitment and promising to refrain from sexual activities until marriage. But officially, the virginity pledge states that â€Å"Believing that true love waits, I make a commitment to God, myself, my family, my friends, my future mate and my future children to be sexually abstinent from thisRead MoreHazing Essay933 Words   |  4 Pages In my last essay I began with a definition of hazing. Hazing refers to cruel and absurd tasks given to â€Å"pledges† or students who are yearning to be initiated into a greek organization. These tasks usually result in physical punishments and abuse from the brothers, degrading the pledges. Hazing has been used in greek organizations for many years now, many incidents where a student took things one notch to far have been slide under the rug and kept secret for many years. This information recentlyRead MoreThe Application Of The Patent System1502 Words   |  7 Pages Intellectual Property Midterm Question #2 The core purpose of the patent system is to incentivize innovation but the current system often has the opposite effect. Patents give inventors monopolies over their inventions for a period of time in order to allow inventors to recoup the costs of research and development (â€Å"RD†) and to generate profits that reward inventors’ efforts, encouraging future investment. In exchange, patentees dedicate their inventions to the public domain once their patents

Different Theories Of Cooperative Learning Approach

Review of Literature This part is divided into four sections. The first section is about the definition of cooperative learning approach. This section includes, theories of cooperative learning and types of models describing cooperative learning. The second section is focused on differences between western educational systems and the Chinese educational system, as well as advantages and disadvantages for the cooperative learning approach in the Chinese classroom. The third section illustrates the Chinese education situation and current cooperative learning situation in China. The last section emphasizes research that was done previously about teachers’ and students’ perceptions towards the cooperative learning approach. Lastly, I will justify that the limitation of available information in regards to my topic lead me to do further research in this area. Theories of Cooperative learning There are several theories regarding cooperative learning. The earliest and the most well known theory about cooperative learning comes from Vygotsky’s cognitive development, and his zone of proximal development (ZPD) and how cooperative learning and zone of proximal development relate to each other. According to Vygotsky (1978)’s cognitive development theory, children engage in interaction with other children and adults from birth. Children first develop lower mental functions suchShow MoreRelatedMy Teaching Philosophy Essay783 Words   |  4 Pagesparagraphs you learn about the three most important skills that I believe are essential in a classroom; classroom management, students engaged in cooperative learning, and the implementation of the Multiple Intelligence Theory. Classroom management is critical to promote effective teaching while allowing the students a structured environment for active learning. I feel this skill is essential when commanding a classroom and in result will enhance the organizational flow throughout each school day. Read MoreA Teacher Fosters Social Competence with Cooperative Learning1606 Words   |  7 PagesMagnesio is a 4th-grade teacher, Hays CISD, Kyle, Texas. Barbara H. Davis is Professor, Curriculum Instruction, Texas State University, San Marcos. To cite this article: Magnesio, S. B. Davis. A Teacher Fosters Social Competence With Cooperative Learning. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing. Kagan Online Magazine, Fall/Winter 2010. www.KaganOnline.com Miss Mag, do we have to work in groups?† â€Å"Miss Mag, I can’t work with him.† â€Å"Miss Mag, can I work alone?† Dodgeball tactics—duck, dart, andRead MoreCooperative Learning : A Successful Instructional Strategy1663 Words   |  7 PagesThere are multiple strategies and theories in the education world that allow for student success and growth. One strategy that some teachers use to promote effective classroom management is a strategy called cooperative learning. Cooperative learning is a successful instructional strategy that allows student learning and positive social-behavior skills to foster based on small group work where each group member’s success is dependent on one another. Cooperative learning is an efficient strategy to includeRead MoreJohn F. Nash s A Beautiful Mind Mathematician1448 Words   |  6 Pageswork on the theory of non-cooperative games, in other words John Nash received a Nobel Prize for his work in Game theory. Except for one course in economics that he took as an undergraduate, Nash had not any formal training in economics. John Nash had a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1950, but the Nobel Prize he received four decades later was for the contribution he made to game theory in his 1950 Ph.D. thesis. In his work, he introduced the distinction between cooperative and non-cooperative games. In non-cooperativeRead MorePiaget in the Classroom1334 Words   |  6 Pageseducational implications of Piaget’s theory are closely tied to the concept of intelligence as the dynamic and emerging ability to adapt to the environment with ever increasing competence (Piaget, 1963). According to the development ideas presented by Piaget’s theory, cognitive structures are patterns of physical and mental action that underlie specific acts of intelligence and correspond to changes in child development. A review of the assumptions and ideas grounded in his theory and investigation into researchRead MoreTh e Development Of Advanced Students1622 Words   |  7 Pagesonly prepare them for college, but leadership and life. Literature Review Cooperative learning Strategies Teaching methods and strategies have been widely researched to help improve student success in the classroom. However, I want my students to experience the same success outside the classroom. I want to implement strategies which focus on preparing students for life after high school. Integrating the cooperative learning technique Think Pair Share into the mathematical classroom can be beneficialRead MoreExploring The Potential Impact Of A Classroom Learning Environment And Faculty Teaching Approaches1473 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"A learning environment is all of the physical surroundings, psychological or emotional conditions, and social or cultural influences affecting the growth and development of an adult engaged in an educational enterprise† (Hiemstra,1991, p. 8). The purpose of this analysis paper is to explore the potential impact of a classroom learning environment and faculty-teaching approaches on the student learning in higher education institution and answer the following question: Is it the learning environmentRead MoreThe Use of Role Play: A Viable Instructional Strategy796 Words   |  3 Pagesal, 1999). Role playing can help students see problems and solutions from different perspectives, which is critical to understanding the human behavior of people during transactions of all types, including meetings. Using a criterion referenced instruction (CRI) approach and the ADDIE model of instructional design, the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation components of a non-traditional learning activity are described below: Analysis. The context is an 8-hour workshopRead MoreMy Classroom / Learning Style1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthat even my classroom / learning style has developed as I age. Not only has my learning style changed, but the way that teachers teach has evolved over time. On another personal note, within my student observation classroom, I spoke with my cooperating teacher about her varying teaching style and how she incorporates all types of learning across various subject areas. Ms. F mentioned that she has had to change the way she teaches a variety of times depending on the learning capabilities of her studentsRead MoreThe Importance Of My Professional Development As A Teacher943 Words   |  4 Pagesof the poster (Appendix1) can set relevance, on how these roles can be experienced within the classroom environment of teaching and learning by linking different theories and strategies into practice. The theme of this poster reflects on the Plato’s theory of â€Å"Allegory of the cave† (Appendices 1) that state philosophy of the human condition. The idea of this theory focuses on the educational methodology as we start to walk towards a new path, leaving behind our comfort zone, we always face distress

Essay On The Iron Jawed Angels - 1418 Words

What is the meaning of Suffrage? It is the term used to describe the right to vote as a legal and natural born right. When people are without it, they work hard to eventually get it because they want to become equal to others. Without having the ability to vote, one cannot have a say in what goes on around them. The most powerful period for women and their fight for the right to vote was from 1890 to 1920. Women believed that if they had the same rights as men at that time that all their issues would be solved. They had a lot of troubles and without being able to vote, they believed that they would have difficulties of changing the future for themselves and their daughters. The women s situation in the 1900s seemed unpromising. Everything†¦show more content†¦Nobody supported these women no matter how much they talked to the people in office or the people of the public. They had to somehow make the government and the president, who was Woodrow Wilson (Bob Gunton) at the time , change these regulations against women, giving them the right to vote and discuss law just like men. As a result, a group of women gathered together to go out to protest until their rights are granted. This caused several women to get unlawfully arrested. However, the women found a way to protest while being incarcerated and eventually they were given the rights they deserved by the president. Through the analyzation of the elements in a film, Alice and Lucy’s true passion and efforts were revealed through their continued devotion and perseverance, which demonstrates that anyone can make difference and gain some control. First off, the film’s direction, staging and set displayed a great sense of the women’s dedication to making their movement happen. Although there are a few important and reoccurring characters, the character that was mostly focused on was Alice Paul. The director and filmmakers made her character seem bold and confident. In one scene, the women are holding a nonviolence protest in front of the White House gate. The protested for many days. In some days there was rain, snow, heavyShow MoreRelated Iron Jawed Angels Essays546 Words   |  3 PagesIron Jawed Angels Iron Jawed Angels is a film which portrays the womens suffrage movement during the 1920s. The film is a documentary and a drama which uses live action and music to deliver the sympathetic and distressful mood the film creates. An example of the distressful mood is when the suffragists refuse to eat when they go to prison. This shows how passionate and distressed the suffragists are to get the 19th amendment passed, which would give women the right to vote. The films messageRead MoreIron Jawed Angels Essay640 Words   |  3 Pageswere seen working in factories or as teachers but they had no say in the government. Thanks to a few women dedicated to making a difference, women have become more independent and now have a say in the government if they choose too. The movie Iron Jawed Angels depicts a group of women who wanted women to have a voice in politics. First thing they had to do was get women the right to vote. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were the two leaders of the NWP (National Womans Party). The two women are an inspirationRead MoreIron Jawed Angels Essay594 Words   |  3 PagesThis film was dramatic and inspiring. This film opened my eyes to understand the struggles that woman have gone through to get the freedoms that they experience today. I would have to say that one of the definite strengths of this film was the cast itself. Because of the nature of this film, I could get a real sense of the actual â€Å"suffering† of these women. I would have to admit that I was completely ignorant on how this suffrage movement has literally shaped the voting rights of women in AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Iron Jawed Angels By Martin Luther King Jr930 Words   |  4 Pagesdream speech† that took place on August 28, 1963. Dr. King led to the ending of the legal segregation among black and white people. In Dr. Kings essay â€Å"Three ways of Responding to Oppression, he cle arly states three ways to deal with oppression. Dr. King believed the best defense against oppression being that of nonviolent resistance. The film Iron Jawed Angels (IJA) is also great example of oppression with the struggle to women rights in the United States. Mr. King stated that there are three ways of

Education Essay Example For Students

Education Essay The most common type of ankle injury is a sprain. A sprain is stretching and tearing of ligaments (fibrous bands connecting adjacent bones in a joint.) There are many ligaments around the ankle and these can become damaged when the ankle is forcedinto a postion not normally encountered. The most frequently seen sprain occurs when weight is applied to a foot which is on an uneven surface, and the foot rolls in (inversion). Because the sole of the foot is pointing inward as force is applied, the ligaments stabilizing the lateral or outside part of the ankle are stressed. Many patients report hearing a snap or pop at the time of the injury. This is usually followed by pain and swelling on the lateral aspect of the ankle. THE MOST IMPORTANT INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF A SPRAIN IS,Many of the problems resulting from sprains are due to blood and edema in and around the ankle. Minimizing swelling helps the ankle heal faster. The RICE regimen facilitates this. Rest no weight bearing for the first 24 hours after the injury (Possibly longer, Ice apply ice packs using a towel over a plastic bag to the area that is painful. Be careful to avoid frostbite. Ice should be intermittantly applied for the first 24 hours. Compression an ACE bandage or other soft elastic material should be applied to theankle to help prevent the accumulation of edema. Elevation elevating the ankle helps in removing edema. By having the foot higher thanthe hip (or heart), gravity is used to pull edema out of the ankle. In the initial 24 hours, it is very important to avoid things which might increase swelling. Bibliography:

New Employee Essays - Furniture, Office Equipment, Business, Locker

New Employee Dear New Employee, Welcome to your new job! The position you have decided to undertake is one, which welcomes great variety on a day-to-day basis. The following information is meant to help you as you learn more about Best Buy and the things that make it run. Your job covers many different aspects of the department store, from maintenance to typing forms. Hopefully everything will be covered in this manual. However, if something new arises, feel free to add to this notebook for the next person. Update anything old and delete anything, which is obsolete. Your areas in the office are your locker, located underneath the old staff lockers, and the second drawer of the reception area desk. Here you will find any supplies, mailers, and the phone book. Feel free to store anything else in this drawer, but please be aware that other employees also have access to this drawer for the phone book. We hope that you enjoy working with Best Buy!

Public Health Essay Example

Public Health Paper Public health is the science and art of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention. Public health is concerned with protecting the health of entire populations. These populations can be as small as a local neighborhood, or as big as an entire country. Public health can make a difference in the lives of tens, hundreds, and even thousands or millions. Public health program is very important beause these are some of the threats to our health that we will be facing in the years to come such as avian influenza, HIV/AIDS, obesity, cancer, bioterrorism, domestic violence, substance abuse, mental health, drug resistant diseases, emerging and re-emerging diseases, environmental toxins, inequities in health care access and manymore. Most experts agree that these problems cant be tackled with new medical findings or cures; it is up to public health to protect us from these threats. Seeing the health problems such as highly increasing of disease prevalence, public health offers the best solution program because public health is a very diverse and dynamic field incorporating many disciplines that consist of biology, sociology, mathematics, anthropology, public policy, computer science, business, environmental science, communications, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This means, public health is multidisciplinary. Public health professionals try to prevent problems from happening or re-occurring through implementing educational programs, developing policies, administering services, and conducting research, in contrast to clinical professional, such as doctors and nurses, who focus primarily on treating individuals after they become sick or injured. Theres something for everyone in public health. Some of the possible careers in public health are in these broad fields such as environmental health, biostatistics, behavioral sciences or health education, epidemiology, health service administration, maternal and child health, nutrition, etc. Because the field of public health is so broad, so I could have a greater opportunity to obtain employment opportunities in many multidisciplinary that suited my interests and abilities. Besides that, I have a passion to make a difference, to help others, and to be challenged intellectually, spiritually, mentally, and even physically. In conclusion, i choose public health program to contribute myself in decreasing the incidence of disease in a way to prevent, promote and protect the people who are susceptible to illnesses. In public health, we can choose our careers depends on our passion for providing health education programs, health management and policy setting that can easily accessed, conducting research and many other appropriate ways to support medical specialisation that will be taken with the aim of making people healthy and more productive. Public Health Essay Example Public Health Paper 1) Which of the following phrases best describes the authors view of the status of health education? Health education is A) a calling. B) a profession. C) an applied discipline. D) an emerging profession. Answer: D 2) The body of knowledge, principles, and concepts used in health education/promotion come from a variety of disciplines. Which one of the following is not one the major disciplines supporting health education/promotion? A) Physics B) Biology C) Sociology D) Medical sciences Answer: A We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 3) Which one of those below is not used to define a profession? A profession A) has a code of ethics. B) provides an income. C) provides a unique and essential social service. D) has an association that represents the profession. Answer: B 4) A professional prepared individual trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities is known as a A) community planner. B) promotion specialist. C) health educator. D) professional. Answer: C 5) During the 1850s to 1950s, the primary focus of the public health effort in the United States was to A) reduce health care costs. B) control chronic diseases. C) control infectious diseases. D) develop national health care coverage. Answer: C 6) The greatest potential for reducing morbidity, saving lives, and reducing health care costs in the United States through health promotion and disease prevention was realized by the A) early 1900s. B) late 1950s. C) mid 1970s. D) early 2000s. Answer: C 7) Which one of the following is not recognized as a dimension of health? A) Physical B) Emotional C) Spiritual D) Political Answer: D 8) An approach to health that focuses on balancing the dimensions of a persons life through the adoption of health enhancing behaviors is known as A) public health. B) wellness. C) community health. D) health promotion. Answer: B 9) Which of the following surveys utilizes a telephone interview to collect health data? A) The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey B) The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey C) The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System D) The National Health Interview Survey Answer: D 10) Which of the following surveys collects health data about college students? A) The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey B) The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey C) The National College Health Assessment D) The National Health Interview Survey Answer: C 11) The federal governments 1980 document that provided a blueprint of the health promotion and disease prevention strategy is known as A) Code Blue. B) Healthy People 2020. C) Quality of Life in the United States. D) Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for a Nation. Answer: D 12) The number of deaths per 100,000 population is known as A) crude rate. B) a specific rate. C) the mortality rate. D) the morbidity rate. Answer: C 13) A rate for a specific population subgroup (e.g. death rate for 40—50 year olds) is referred to as A) mortality. B) life expectancy. C) the specific. D) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL]. Answer: C 14) The average number of years of life remaining is known as the A) death rate. B) mortality rate. C) life expectancy. D) Disability-Adjusted Life Years [DALY]. Answer: C 15) Which rate is the measure of premature mortality? A) Mortality rate B) Infant mortality rate C) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL] D) Health-Related Quality of Life [HRQOL] Answer: C 16) The primary difference between the health education/promotion profession and other helping professions in achieving the goals and objectives of the profession is A) the establishment of written objectives by health education specialists. B) that other professions do not have stated goals and objectives. C) the use of the teaching-learning process by the health education/promotion profession. D) that the cost of health education/promotion is much less than other helping professions. Answer: C 17) The primary role of a health education specialist includes A) delivering health education/promotion programs and evaluating health education/promotion programs. B) developing health education/promotion programs for the people they serve and evaluating health education/promotion programs. C) assessing the needs and diagnosing medical problems. D) serving as a resource person, communicating with the public and marketing health education/promotion programs. Answer: B 18) Which of the following steps is generally found in most planning models? A) Learning activities. B) Needs assessment C) Policy commitment D) Review of self-help materials Answer: B 19) The primary role of a health education specialist includes all of the following EXCEPT A) program development. B) program evaluation. C) program planning. D) program redirection. Answer: D 20) According to the best available estimates, behavioral patterns impact what portion of the populations early death? A) 70% B) 40% C) 30% D) 15% Answer: B 21) According to the best available estimates, social circumstances impact what portion of the populations early death? A) 70% B) 40%. C) 30% D) 15% Answer: D 22) The use of the DTP vaccine is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 23) The use of condoms to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STI) is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 24) Providing education to a diabetic on how to use his/her insulin is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention. B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: C 25) Encouraging individuals to take a daily dose of aspirin to reduce the chance of a heart attack is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: B 26) The use of a sports physical examination as a requirement to participate in high school athletics is an example of which level of prevention? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Community prevention Answer: A 27) Which one of the following disciplines and professions was not identified by the authors as contributing to the principles and concepts of health education/promotion? A) Medicine B) Education C) Epidemiology D) Anthropology Answer: D 28) The Health Field Concept divides the health field into four elements. The four elements are A) education, epidemiology, medicine, and sociology. B) development, planning, implementation, and evaluation. C) human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization. D) human biology, education, social work, and behavioral psychology. Answer: C 29) The greatest importance of the Health Field Concept has been the A) focus of health care reform legislation. B) focus on health promotion and disease prevention. C) institution of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. D) identification of health risks related to morbidity and mortality. Answer: B 30) The focus of health promotion and disease prevention efforts should be directed toward A) biological limitations. B) the Chain of Infection. C) modifiable risk factors. D) non-modifiable risk factors. Answer: C 31) What percentage of death could be prevented by controlling modifiable risk factors? A) 10% B) 20% C) 20% D) 40% Answer: D 32) The interruption of the sequence of events to prevent an infection is descriptive of which of the following? A) The Socio-ecological Approach B) The Chain of Infection C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: B 33) The major components of this model include agent, host, and environment. A) Epidemiology B) The Chain of Infection C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: D 34) Which of the following disease models is most applicable to the prevention of chronic diseases? A) The Chain of Infection. B) The Health Field Concept C) Multicausation Design Model D) Communicable Disease Model Answer: C 35) Epidemiology is A) a method of applying primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in a community setting. B) concerned primarily with the empowerment of individuals in the of care their own health. C) the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in a specific population. D) concerned only with life expectancy of humans. Answer: C 36) The level of prevention that includes strategies designed to reduce the incidence of disease is called ________ prevention. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) community Answer: A 37) Screenings are used by which level of prevention? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Community Answer: B 38) Providing training or instructing patients on how to modify their diets and take their medications to prevent a second heart attack is an example of ________ prevention. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) Community Answer: C 39) Which of the following is the best descriptor of the socio-ecological approach? A) Behaviors are influenced by interdependent domains. B) Social circumstances are the prominent domain that influences health behaviors. C) Genetics and the environment are the only variables of interest when developing interventions. D) Family influences are the most important determinant of health. Answer: A 40) The first national document that presented a comprehensive national agenda for prevention presented objectives in three main areas. The areas include A) prevention services, health protection, and disease prevention. B) increase quality of life, increase years of life, and the elimination of health disparities. C) improve child mortality rates, decrease teen pregnancy rates, and reduce tobacco use. D) improve the number of years of independent living, reduce mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases, and increase high school graduation rates. Answer: A 41) Which of the following identify three levels used in the socio-ecological approach? A) primary, secondary, and tertiary B) public policy, medical care, and prevention C) intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational D) population control, professional development, and policy implementation Answer: C 42) Having the ability to understand and respect values, attitudes, beliefs, and mores that differ across cultures is a description of a ________. A) health education specialist B) culturally competent person C) professional D) epidemiologist Answer: B 43) The differences in health between populations is known as ________. A) crude rate B) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL] C) Health-Related Quality of Life [HRQOL] D) health disparity Answer: D 44) The two primary causes of health disparities are lack of access to care and the lack of quality care. Answer: TRUE 45) A crude rate is expressed in numbers per 100,000 population. Answer: TRUE 46) Health education/promotion is considered to be an emerging profession because it does not meet all the characteristics of a profession. Answer: TRUE 47) Health education/promotion may be considered on emerging profession because it is not clearly defined by itself or others. Answer: TRUE 48) If health education/promotion is not considered a profession, then health educators are not considered professionals. Answer: FALSE 49) The greatest potential for reducing the cost of health care in America is believed to be accomplished through the use of advanced technology. Answer: FALSE 50) The first set of Health Objectives for the Nation (Healthy People) provided a blueprint for health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Answer: TRUE 51) According to McGinnis, modifiable behaviors are the single most prominent domain of influence of health. Answer: TRUE 52) According to the World Health Organization, health is merely an absence of disease. Answer: FALSE 53) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL] is often described as the most comprehensive indicator of health and disease in a society. Answer: FALSE 54) Years of Potential Life Lost [YPLL] is a measure of premature mortality. Answer: TRUE 55) A rate used to express the impact of injury or disease is known as the Disability-Adjusted Life Years [DALY]. Answer: TRUE 56) Disability-Adjusted Life Years [DALY] is a measure developed by the World Health Organization and the World Bank. Answer: TRUE 57) Disability-adjusted life expectancy [DALE] is based upon mortality rates. Answer: FALSE 58) Health-adjusted life expectancy [HALE] can be calculated at any age. Answer: TRUE 59) The ultimate goal of the health education/promotion profession is to prolong life. Answer: TRUE 60) The terms of public health, health promotion, and wellness are all defined in terms of preventing diseases. Answer: FALSE 61) The primary role of all health education specialists is to evaluate behavior change in their clients. Answer: FALSE 62) Crude rates and adjusted rates are both expressed in terms of the total population. Answer: TRUE 63) Epidemiology is the study of how states prevent disease outbreaks. Answer: TRUE 64) The term pandemic refers to an outbreak of a disease over a wide geographical area. Answer: TRUE 65) The term endemic refers to the regular occurrence of a disease in a given population. Answer: TRUE 66) The Health Field Concept focuses only on the health care system. Answer: FALSE 67) Keeping a childs immunizations up-to-date would be an example of primary prevention. Answer: TRUE 68) The use of antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection would be an example of secondary prevention. Answer: FALSE 69) A persons age is considered a modifiable risk factor for disease. Answer: FALSE 70) The basic premise of the Chain of Infection Model is that modifying events that lead to infections can prevent infections. Answer: TRUE 71) There are several different models that have proven useful in the prevention of disease. Answer: TRUE 72) Health surveys can be used to measure health or health status. Answer: TRUE 73) Epidemiology can be used in health education/promotion to identify the needs of a given population. Answer: TRUE 74) Empowerment is the skill used to influence policy development. Answer: FALSE 75) Empowerment refers to people gaining mastery over their lives. Answer: TRUE 76) Advocacy is a skill needed by health education specialists. Answer: TRUE 77) Explain why health education/promotion is considered an emerging profession. Include at least two characteristics of a professional in your rational. 78) Identify the four limitations of prevention and explain each. 79) Compare and contrast the Chain of Infection, Multicausation Disease Model, and the Communicable Disease Model. 80) Identify four professions/disciplines that support health education/promotion. Provide an example of how each profession/discipline is supportive of the health education profession. 81) Identify the three levels of prevention and provide an example for each level. 82) Describe the role advocacy plays in health education/promotion. 83) You have been asked to provide evidence of the health status of a given population (state or country); which rates and measurements would you use? Why? 84) Identify a health issue in which you have utilized advocacy skills and describe two activities you used in your advocacy effort. References: Haines, Andy, et al. Climate change and human health: impacts, vulnerability and public health.  Public health  120.7 (2006): 585-596. American Public Health Association, et al.  Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association., 1913. American Academy of Pediatrics, et al.  Caring for our children: National health and safety performance standards: Guidelines for out-of-home child care. Amer Academy of Pediatrics, 2002.

F-100 Super Sabre in the Vietnam War

F-100 Super Sabre in the Vietnam War The North American F-100 Super Sabre was an American fighter aircraft that was introduced in 1954. Capable of supersonic speeds, the F-100 was North Americans successor to the earlier F-86 Sabre which had seen great success during the Korean War. Though plagued by early performance and handling issues, the definitive version of the aircraft, the F-100D, saw extensive use during the Vietnam War both as a fighter and in a ground-support role. The type was phased out of Southeast Asia by 1971 as newer aircraft became available. The F-100 Super Sabre was also utilized by several NATO air forces. Design Development With the success of the F-86 Sabre during the Korean War, North American Aviation sought to refine and improve the aircraft.  In January 1951, the company approached the U.S. Air Force with an unsolicited proposal for a supersonic day fighter that it had dubbed Sabre 45.  This name derived from the fact that the new aircrafts wings possessed a 45-degree sweep.   Mocked up that July, the design was heavily modified before the USAF ordered two prototypes on January 3, 1952.  Hopeful about the design, this was followed by a request for 250 airframes once development was complete.  Designated the YF-100A, the first prototype flew on May 25, 1953.  Using a Pratt Whitney XJ57-P-7 engine, this aircraft achieved a speed of Mach 1.05.   The first production aircraft, a F-100A, flew that October and though the USAF was pleased with its performance, it suffered from several crippling handling issues.  Among these was poor directional stability which could lead to a sudden and unrecoverable yaw and roll.  Explored during the Project Hot Rod testing, this issue led to the death of North Americans chief test pilot, George Welsh, on October 12, 1954.   YF-100A Super Sabre prototype in flight. US Air Force   Another problem, nicknamed the Sabre Dance, emerged as the swept wings had a tendency lose lift in certain circumstances and pitch up the aircrafts nose.  As North American sought remedies for these problems, difficulties with the development of the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak compelled the USAF to move the F-100A Super Sabre into active service.  Receiving the new aircraft, the Tactical Air Command requested that future variants be developed as fighter-bombers capable of delivering nuclear weapons. North American F-100D Super Sabre GeneralLength:  50  ft.Wingspan:  38  ft., 9  in.Height:  16  ft., 2.75  in.Wing Area:  400 sq. ft.Empty Weight:  21,000  lbs.Max Takeoff Weight:  34,832  lbs.Crew:  1PerformanceMaximum Speed:  864  mph (Mach 1.3)Range:  1,995  milesService Ceiling:  50,000  ft.Power Plant:  Ã‚  1 Ãâ€"  Pratt Whitney J57-P-21/21A  turbojetArmamentGuns:  4Ãâ€"  20 mm  Pontiac M39A1  cannonMissiles:  4  Ãƒâ€"  AIM-9 Sidewinder  or  2Ãâ€"  AGM-12 Bullpup  or  2 Ãâ€" or 4 Ãâ€"  LAU-3/A  2.75 unguided rocket dispenserBombs:  7,040 lb.  of weapons Variants The F-100A Super Sabre entered service on September 17, 1954, and continued to be plagued by the issues that arose during development.  After suffering six major accidents in its first two months of operation, the type was grounded until February 1955.  Problems with the F-100A persisted and the USAF phased out the variant in 1958.   In response to TACs desire for a fighter-bomber version of the Super Sabre, North American developed the F-100C which incorporated an improved J57-P-21 engine, mid-air refueling capability, as well as a variety of hardpoints on the wings.  Though early models suffered from many of the F-100As performance issues, these were later reduced through the addition of yaw and pitch dampers.   Continuing to evolve the type, North American brought forward the definitive F-100D in 1956.  A ground attack aircraft with fighter capability, the F-100D saw the inclusion of improved avionics, an autopilot, and the ability to utilize the majority of the USAFs non-nuclear weapons.  To further improve the aircrafts flight characteristics, the wings were lengthened by 26 inches and the tail area enlarged.   While an improvement over the preceding variants, the F-100D suffered from a variety of niggling problems which were often resolved with non-standardized, post-production fixes.  As a result, programs such as 1965s High Wire modifications were required to standardize capabilities across the F-100D fleet.   RF-100 Super Sabre in flight.   US Air Force Parallel to the development of combat variants of the F-100 was the alteration of six Super Sabres into RF-100 photo reconnaissance aircraft.  Dubbed Project Slick Chick, these aircraft had their armaments removed and replaced with photographic equipment.  Deployed to Europe, they conducted overflights of Eastern Bloc countries between 1955 and 1956.  The RF-100A was soon replaced in this role by the new Lockheed U-2 which could more safely conduct deep penetration reconnaissance missions.  Additionally, a two-seat F-100F variant was developed to serve as a trainer. Operational History  Ã‚  Ã‚   Debuting with the 479th Fighter Wing at George Air Force Base in 1954, variants of the F-100 were employed in a variety of peacetime roles.  Over the next seventeen years, it suffered from a high accident rate due to the issues with its flight characteristics.  The type moved closer to combat in April 1961 when six Super Sabres were shifted from the Philippines to Don Muang Airfield in Thailand to provide air defense.   With the expansion of the U.S. role in the Vietnam War, F-100s flew escort for Republic F-105 Thunderchiefs during a raid against the Thanh Hoa Bridge on April 4, 1965.  Attacked by North Vietnamese MiG-17s, the Super Sabres engaged in the USAFs first jet-to-jet combat of the conflict.  A short time later, the F-100 was replaced in the escort and MiG combat air patrol role by the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II.   Later that year, four F-100Fs were equipped with APR-25 vector radars for service in suppression of enemy air defense (Wild Weasel) missions.  This fleet was expanded in early 1966 and ultimately employed the AGM-45 Shrike anti-radiation missile to destroy North Vietnamese surface-to-air missile sites.  Other F-100Fs were adapted to act as fast forward air controllers under the name Misty.  While some F-100s were employed in these specialty missions, the bulk saw service providing accurate and timely air support to American forces on the ground.   A USAF F-100F of the 352d TFS at Phu Cat Air Base, South Vietnam, 1971. United States Air Force Historical Research Agency As the conflict progressed, the USAFs F-100 force was augmented by squadrons from the Air National Guard (ANG).  These proved highly effective and were among the best F-100 squadrons in Vietnam.  During the later years of the war, the F-100 was slowly replaced by the F-105, F-4, and LTV A-7 Corsair II.   The last Super Sabre left Vietnam in July 1971 with the type having logged 360,283 combat sorties.  In the course of the conflict, 242 F-100s were lost with 186 falling to North Vietnamese anti-aircraft defenses.  Known to its pilots as The Hun, no F-100s were lost to enemy aircraft.  In 1972, the last F-100s were transferred to ANG squadrons which used the aircraft until retiring it in 1980. Other Users The F-100 Super Sabre also saw service in the air forces of Taiwan, Denmark, France, and Turkey.  Taiwan was the only foreign air force to fly the F-100A.  These were later updated to close to the F-100D standard.  The French Armee de lAir received 100 aircraft in 1958 and used them for combat missions over Algeria.  Turkish F-100s, received from both the U.S. and Denmark, flew sorties in support of the 1974 invasion of Cyprus.